Abstract: Cultural differences in parental attitudes and child-rearing practices among European countries have been demonstrated in previous studies using a scale for assessment of memories of upbringing (the EMBU). In this pilot study we evaluated the EMBU in two previously unstudied populations: a culturally homogeneous sample from Japan (n = 105) and a culturally mixed sample from Southern California (n = 73). The results suggest that, compared to European parents, Japanese parents are more emotionally distant from their children, while the Southern Californians as a group scored similarly to the Europeans. Further studies are needed in order to establish the EMBU as a transcultural tool for assessment of parental rearing behaviour.
Huang Y, Someya T, Takahashi S, Reist C, Tang SW. A pilot evaluation of the EMBU Scale in Japan and the USA. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1996 Dec;94(6):445-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.1996.tb09888.x. PMID: 9020997.
